Indholdsfortegnelse for 1765 i Auto Express

Yousuf_Ashraf@autovia.co.uk @ashrafoncars ● Latest concept previews rugged electric 4x4 ● Augmented reality glasses replace cabin controls AUDI is gearing up for what could be the most significant period of launches in its history, with more than 20 new models set to arrive over the next three years. A wave of cutting-edge EVs will revamp its range, and to tease one of these models, the firm has unveiled the Activesphere concept. It’s the last of Audi’s ‘sphere’ concepts – including the Grandsphere luxury saloon, Skysphere roadster and Urbansphere electric MPV – and the Activesphere is a rugged, high-riding coupé-SUV. It could go on sale in 2027. The brand is plotting a rival to the Land Rover Defender and Mercedes G-Class within the next few years, and according to Audi’s Head of…

ICONIC BMW tuner Alpina has revealed its most powerful model ever, the 625bhp B5 GT. Alpina is owned by BMW, and while the saloon version of the B5 rivals BMW’s own M5, there’s no M5 Touring estate, so the B5 GT wagon delivers something BMW does not. Powered by a 4.4-litre twin-turbo V8, the B5 GT will sprint from 0-62mph in 3.4 seconds in saloon form, while the estate takes 3.6 seconds. The additional performance is thanks to an optimised air intake, reworked exhaust, software changes and altered turbo boost pressure. Production will be limited to just 250 units globally, and while UK pricing hasn’t been revealed, the B5 GT costs 145,500 Euros (£127,660) as a saloon, or 148,500 Euros (£130,290) as a Touring.…

We want to hear your views. Send your questions or opinions to the E-mail address below Contact Tristan Shale-Hester mail@autoexpress.co.uk @AutoExpress HOT TOPIC Changes to MoT test FROM: Andrew Verrechia ALL cars should have an MoT every year, even if they’re brand new. What if a car does 50,000 miles in its first year? That’s a lot of potential wear and tear. If the car is built well, nothing major should be wrong, so there’s nothing to fear. FROM: Dan Litt A LOT of new cars clock up tens of thousands of miles over three or four years. That’ll mean a new set of tyres is required at the very least. Any MoT tester will tell you that many drivers can’t be trusted to do this of their own volition.…

WHILE 200 Series Volvos are often described as ‘tanks’ and they might be more robust than some rivals, no old car is indestructible. Thoroughly check any prospect for rust, paying particular attention to the sills and structural areas at the front of the car, such as the crossmember and suspension strut towers. The company’s Redblock engines are renowned for being tough, as evidenced by tuners extracting enormous power outputs from them. This reputation can lead to some units being a little neglected, though, so look out for evidence of servicing. If looked after, the engines are capable of very high mileages. Also check gearboxes for oil leaks. The days of picking up a tatty 240 for peanuts are sadly long gone. You’ll need to pay upwards of about £4,000, and…

sean_carson@autovia.co.uk Performance 0-62mph/top speed 5.2 seconds/150mph Electric motor Power/range 141bhp/69 miles ELECTRIFICATION and luxury are happy bedfellows. The lack of noise an EV often exhibits means that refinement is generally superb – especially when it’s in a large, premium SUV such as the latest Range Rover Sport. And while there won’t be a full EV available in this all-new model’s line-up until some point next year, from launch the Sport is available with a plug-in hybrid powertrain, providing the incredible level of quality that you expect from anything wearing a Range Rover badge. It’s some powertrain too. Land Rover says that, with a 38.2kWh battery, the Sport can cover up to 69 miles when propelled solely by its 141bhp electric motor. In EV mode, performance is adequate, despite the hefty…

Running costs 3.0mi/kWh (on test) £26 recharge/£0 or 2% tax Practicality Boot (seats up/down) 585/1,710 litres Performance 0-62mph/top speed 8.5 seconds/99mph MODEL TESTED: Skoda Enyaq iV 80 SportLine Plus PRICE: £46,320 POWERTRAIN: 1x e-motor, 82kWh battery, 201bhp SKODA has consistently delivered the goods in the combustion-powered family car segment with the likes of the Fabia, Octavia and Superb, so can it carry that form into EVs? The Enyaq iV we have here is in a high-spec 80 SportLine Plus trim, which slightly undercuts the Subaru at £46,320. However, with optional extras including the Velvet Red paint (£1,045), Comfort Seat Package Plus (electrically adjustable and massaging front seats – £930) and Drive Sport Package Plus (adaptive dampers – £620) among others, the total of the car in these pictures runs the…

SKODA 1st THIS SportLine model isn’t our pick of the Enyaq range, but it still has enough to overcome the Subaru in this contest. It’s comfortable and spacious, and while it’s not as fun to drive as its rival, it’s more efficient. It’s also much cheaper on finance – a gap which will only widen further if you go for one of our preferred trim levels a little lower down the pecking order. SUBARU 2nd SECOND place comes here by only a whisker, because the Solterra still has appeal. It shows the Skoda up in terms of performance, driving dynamics and in-car tech, but it isn’t as practical, it’s less efficient in the real world, and it’s pricier on a finance deal. Still, if you’re the type who holds on to their…

Steve_Walker@autovia.co.uk Running costs 38.3mpg (test) £77 fill-up Practicality Boot (seats up/down) 575/1,653 litres Performance 0-62mph/top speed 8.6 seconds/128mph WE’VE come to the end of our time with the Ford Focus Active Estate and I guess it makes sense to address the big questions first. Would I recommend the Ford Focus? Yes, probably above any other family hatch on sale at the moment, depending on the buyer’s requirements. Would I recommend the Active model and the estate bodystyle? That’s a little more complicated. You can see where Ford is coming from with Active. If family car buyers have told car makers anything in the past decade, it’s that they want SUVs, and Ford’s Active badge – which has also appeared on the Fiesta supermini and the Tourneo Connect van-based MPV –…

New C-8 hydrofoil is powered by Polestar POLESTAR has teamed up with fellow Swedish brand Candela to fit the Polestar 2’s 69kWh battery pack and DC charging technology to Candela’s C-8 electric hydrofoil boat. With a range of up to 57 nautical miles on a charge and a cruising speed of 22 knots, the hydrofoil helps by lifting the hull above the water to reduce energy consumption by up to 80 per cent. The C-8 Powered by Polestar starts at 330,000 Euros (approximately £288,664) and can be ordered from candela.com. Website out to ease EV holiday concerns HOLIDAYING in an EV can be frustrating, but the new SleeperCharger website aims to alleviate that. The site lists 60,000 hotels in the UK and Europe that have a guaranteed charger within 250 metres,…

Performance 0-62mph/top speed 11.0 seconds/106mph Running costs 51-53mpg (BlueHDI 150) £117 fill-up CO2 /tax 0-166g/km £0-£165 IT’S almost 70 years since the first purpose-built MPV was launched, and its compact dimensions and clever design made the 1955 Fiat 600 Multipla a groundbreaking vehicle. It took nearly three decades before the MPV went mainstream with the arrival of the Renault Espace and Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager. Developed as stand-alone models, they focused on practicality with a decent driving experience. But for those after the ultimate in carrying ability, it was the van-based MPVs that followed later that would appeal the most. This was typified by the Peugeot Expert of 1995, which was replaced by a new model in 2006. A decade later came Peugeot’s best large van-based MPV yet: the Traveller. History THE…

Alex_Ingram@autovia.co.uk @AxleIngram ● BMW M4s face Audi, Mercedes ● Home talent takes on big stars THE world’s finest endurance racers head to Australia this week to compete at the gruelling Bathurst 12 Hours. Drivers have to face a fearsome climb up the side of the Mount Panorama circuit, which has walls, quick crests, tight hairpins and occasionally stray kangaroos, before blasting flat out down the 1.2-mile Conrod Straight towards the end of the lap. The list of accolades among the 84 drivers from 15 different countries includes a combined 13 previous Bathurst 12-Hours wins, eight Nürburgring 24-Hours victories, six Spa 24-Hours triumphs, and nine Grand Prix motorcycle world championships. That final stat comes from Valentino Rossi. The MotoGP legend will make his debut on the Mountain with the WRT squad,…

Yousuf_Ashraf@autovia.co.uk @ashrafoncars ● Flagship Astra combines turbo petrol engine with electric power ● GSe promises more pace and tauter dynamics than standard car VAUXHALL has gone through a sober patch of late. After an era of fierce VXR models, the company has had a dry spell short of genuinely exciting driver’s cars, but the arrival of the Astra GSe could change that. It’s pitched as a more powerful, electrified version of the Mk8 Astra, and provides a first taste as to the future of fast Vauxhalls. In the coming years, the GSe badge will be attached to numerous performance flagships that will offer more pace and tauter dynamics with either hybrid or fully electric power. The Astra GSe, plus the Sports Tourer estate and Grandland GSe crossover (Page 9), gets…

DACIA is showing its opposition to companies offering subscriptions for car features such as heated seats by offering free hot-water bottles to customers on February 1 and 2. UK brand director Luke Broad said: “Asking someone to pay extra to activate factory-fitted equipment isn’t Dacia. Whether consumers view heated seats as essential or not, our commitment to value and a fuss-free ownership experience means that we will only ever ask them to push a button to enjoy them.”…

Renault Espace name rebooted for SUV RENAULT has confirmed that it will bring back the Espace nameplate as a five and seven-seat SUV for the sixth generation of the model, which will be revealed in full this spring. The French brand confirmed it will be based on the CMF-C/D platform, so expect similar styling and powertrains (including hybrid but not full-electric options) to the smaller Austral family SUV. The brand’s Google-powered infotainment will feature, too. UK car manufacturing plummets in 2022 CAR manufacturing in the UK continued to struggle in 2022, with figures still showing a 40.5 per cent decline compared with pre-Covid levels. A total of 775,014 units were made in the UK in 2022, down 9.8 per cent from 2021. The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT)…

tristan_shale-hester@autovia.co.uk @tristan_shale ● Frustration at 60mph scheme ● Campaigners call for removal A PILOT scheme where motorway speed limits are reduced to 60mph in an effort to tackle pollution should end, campaigners have said, unless evidence can be produced that it’s making a positive difference. Stretches of the M1, M4, M5, M6 and M602 are currently subject to the reduced limit as part of a trial by National Highways to study the effect of 60mph speed limits on nitrogen dioxide emissions. The scheme was supposed to last between 12-15 months, but has now gone on for more than two years. National Highways hasn’t published any evidence of its effectiveness, either. Furthermore, according to a report by The Daily Telegraph, National Highways’ data modelling doesn’t take into account particulate matter pollution…

THE following provide help with motoring problems. Some services are free, others charge a fee or operate on premium-rate lines (p), while some offer advice for members only (m) Legal AA: 0345 850 1130 (m) RAC: 0330 159 1446 (m) Citizens Advice Consumer helpline: 03454 040506 Local Trading Standards Local Citizens Advice Bureau Used car inspections AA: 0800 056 8040 RAC: 0330 159 0720 Technical advice AA: 0370 142 0002 (m) Driving licences DVLA: 0300 790 6801 Car registration/history HPI: 0113 222 2010 AA: 0800 316 3564 DVLA: 0300 790 6802 RAC: 0808 164 1923 Traffic information AA: 0906 888 4322 RAC: 09003 444999 (p) Problems with dealers The Motor Ombudsman: 0345 241 3008 Consumer Ombudsman: www.consumerombudsman.org RMIF: 0845 305 4230 Scottish Motor Trade Assoc. 0131 331 5510 Problems with…

▪ 1974 Arrival: Volvo 200 Series launches with four-cylinder 240 and six-cylinder 260 versions, succeeding the 140 and 164 respectively. The range covers coupé, saloon and estate bodystyles. ▪ 1981 Refresh: First facelift arrives, with a new front-end treatment that features square headlamps to replace the original circular lights. A new 155bhp 240 Turbo model is added. ▪ 1983 Farewell: Production of the 260 ends as its 760 replacement arrives. ▪ 1985 Victory: Gianfranco Brancatelli wins the European Touring Car Championship in a 240T. ▪ 1986 Revamp: Second facelift gives the 240 a new grille design, a reworked bonnet and a more curved bootlid. Global sales break the two-million mark this year. ▪ 1994 End of an era: Production of the 240 ends with more than 2.8 million 200-series models…

mail@autoexpress.co.uk ALPINE is on a roll right now. Its global sales are up by more than a third year-on-year and its reputation as a manufacturer of serious and fun-to-drive sports cars is growing rapidly where it matters. There’s also a convincing range of EV sports cars in the pipeline that will rival the company’s main competition from Lotus, Porsche and others. But for the time being, the A110 is still very much Alpine’s stock-in-trade car, while the A110 R here is its new superstar. It’s not cheap, at just a tenner short of £90k. Nor does it have any more power than a regular A110 S; its 1.8-litre four-cylinder turbo engine produces the same 296bhp and 340Nm as the S and GT cars. Instead, Alpine has gone down the ‘clubsport’…

Ford Mustang MODEL: Mach-E RWD SR PRICE: £50,830 POWER: 75kWh batt./265bhp IF driving enjoyment is your thing, then the Mustang Mach-E is well worth a look. From the base 75kWh model to the 480bhp GT, every variant is entertaining to drive. The steering is sharp, the chassis adjustable, and it really doesn’t feel hefty in the way you’d expect a 4.7-metre-long electric SUV might. A 0-62mph time of 6.9 seconds is identical to the Subaru’s, while the throttle response feels sharp in any driving mode. That’s all the more impressive when, at £50,930, the Ford undercuts the Solterra on price. Standard kit includes 18-inch wheels, LED lights, a 360-degree parking camera, wireless smartphone charging and a huge 15.5-inch touchscreen infotainment system. Any downsides? Well, the flipside of the sharp handling…

CHARGING RAPID charging is an excellent tool to have on the occasions where you need to cover longer journeys, and in this area there’s not much to separate these two. The Subaru holds a small advantage for peak charging speed; it can accept a maximum of 150kW compared with 135kW for the Skoda. But in reality, both charge to 80 per cent capacity in around half an hour. Plug into a 7.2kW source – the kind of wallbox you can have installed at home – and both cars can be fully charged in around 13 hours. The Skoda’s six-metre Type 2 cable is useful, because it means you don’t need to worry about how closely you park next to a socket. While some EVs capitalise on the lack of a…

sean_carson@autovia.co.uk NOT so long ago, the Audi was pressed into service for a particularly important job. It was the car that whisked me and my then-fiancée from our home in Buckinghamshire to our wedding venue in Northumberland. And once we’d celebrated on the day with friends and family, the SQ5’s chrome-trimmed nose was once again pointed north, for a tour around Scotland to give us time to decompress after our big day. It was a total of 10 days away, but my other half, Sophie, still took two suitcases and two squashy bags; her wedding dress wasn’t even in our car in case I accidentally caught a peek before the big day. Admittedly, I took my golf clubs to try and play a few courses while we were in Scotland,…

Got a query? products@autoexpress.co.uk HOW TO Protect paintwork Do I need protection? IT’S hard to think of a car that would not benefit from some form of paint protection. Properly applied to a prepared surface, it will maintain the shine for longer, protect from contaminants and slow the build-up of grime, because water will run off, rather than dry on, the body. It will also minimise the long-term deterioration of the paint. It’s natural to think older paint without a lacquer coat needs more protection, but new cars can benefit too, and some sort of sealant or ceramic finish is often offered and applied by the dealer. What are my options? WE’LL cover surface preparation another time, but the paint needs to be clean, dry and free from scratches and…

A BIT set is an economical way to have a wide range of screwdrivers at your fingertips, and if they can also be used in a cordless’ driver or drill, that’s even better. Bits for power tools usually use a quick chuck, where a mechanism locks them in place, making it safer and easier to fit. They can also be used as a conventional hex-shank bit and are always longer than the 25mm hand-tool versions, ranging in our test from 65-100mm for improved access to fasteners. New to the market is the Laser 8424, which we pitted against sets from Sealey and Kamasa to find our pick of the power tool bit sets. We liked the Laser’s natty case and quick-chuck adaptor, but more choice of specific bits for it…

Yousuf_Ashraf@autovia.co.uk @ashrafoncars ● Sporty SUV is hottest Vauxhall ● 4WD GSe produces 296bhp THE most powerful Vauxhall on sale today is a hybrid-powered SUV with more torque than a Porsche 911 Carrera. The Vauxhall Grandland isn’t the obvious choice for a performance flagship, but with 296bhp and four-wheel drive, the GSe has the raw power to justify that title. Vauxhall’s new GSe – or Grand Sport Electric – models recall cars such as the Manta GSi coupé and Carlton GSi sports saloon, but the Grandland GSe takes on a very different form to these traditional offerings in both layout and conception. The 296bhp plug-in hybrid GSe features a series of styling and chassis upgrades similar to the Astra, while the £43,700 GSe is the most generously kitted-out Grandland. Its cabin…

John_McIlroy@autovia.co.uk @johnmcilroy ● Two or four-wheel drive ● 250-mile battery range FOLLOWING the launch of its EX90 flagship, Volvo will extend its range downwards with the launch of a new, more affordable electric SUV. It’s likely to be called EX30 and the early signs are that Volvo plans to give the new arrival the same chunky profile as its larger stablemates. Volvo teased the small model when it announced the EX90 back in November. A shadowy image revealed that the car will feature a similar rear-end treatment to the larger SUV, as well as the XC40. That means a sharply angled hatchback and the brand’s signature tail-light motif. Our exclusive image shows this on a downsized version of Volvo’s typical SUV profile. Recent spy shots from China would appear to…

sean_carson@autovia.co.uk ● Concept based on 718 Cayman ● Inspired by Porsche’s first car TO mark the 75th anniversary of the first car to wear the Porsche badge and the birth of the sports car brand, the German firm has designed this Vision 357 concept, a reimagining of the original 356 No. 1 for the modern era. It’s based on the 718 Cayman GT4 RS, and Porsche’s Vice President Style Michael Mauer said: “We created a very special birthday present in the form of the Porsche Vision 357, one which uses the 356 as a basis to underscore our design DNA.” He added that “the concept car is an attempt to combine the past, present and future”, with the Vision 357’s cab-rearward stance a key element of the look. The passenger…

FORD’S upcoming family crossover has been spotted testing ahead of a likely reveal in March. This all-new model is based on the same Volkswagen MEB platform as the ID.3 (above), following a deal between the two brands. These shots hint at the car’s styling, with a deep, wide grille obvious under the camouflage, flanked by high, wide-set headlight units that could be linked by an LED strip. Other photos show a rear spoiler, while the look will feature bold surfaces and a chunky stance. Ford has previously outlined that the new car will offer a range of up to 311 miles, while the MEB underpinnings will allow for rear and four-wheel-drive versions to be offered. A more driver-focused ST model could also feature in time.…

Matt_Robinson@autovia.co.uk @matt_201 IN 2022, Volvo’s top three best-selling cars were all SUVs. Combined, the XC40, XC60 and XC90 made up more than half a million of the 615,121 cars the Swedish firm shifted globally. Volvo is first and foremost an SUV brand these days. And that’s not necessarily a bad thing, because the high-riders it makes are all very good. However, at the mere mention of Volvo, we bet many of you won’t be picturing an SUV in your head. No, we reckon there’s a good chance it’ll be a boxy estate, and quite probably the 240 you see splashed over these pages. It’s such a simple design, and yet one that is instantly recognisable. The 240 is an iconic symbol of Volvo’s pragmatism, a car whose very proportions show…

mail@autoexpress.co.uk Performance 0-62mph/top speed 3.4 seconds/149mph THE 911 Dakar is a Marmite kind of car. It has no rear seats, it rides 50mm higher than normal and looks a bit gangly in the metal. It weighs a bit more than it probably should, because it’s been beefed up to deal with the sort of terrain it may never encounter. And at £173,000, it’s heinously expensive, even for a Porsche. And yet there’s something about it that just works somehow, and that appeals to your innermost child, perhaps because it seems more light-hearted than your average Porsche 911. Although it’s a seriously capable car beneath its Tonka Toy exterior, it looks endearingly chirpy for a model that costs as much as a semi-detached house. It looks like it should be a…

Richard_Ingram@autovia.co.uk @rsp_ingram SMALL crossovers are still all the rage, and in some cases car makers have ditched entire product plans to focus on these SUVs; a raised ride height seems like a gateway to profit-making potential. And while DS’s efforts in this area haven’t set the world alight, its updated DS 3 offers a unique take on the compact-SUV formula. We drove the pure-electric DS 3 E-Tense recently (Issue 1,763), which at £40k as tested was expensive, but this lower-spec petrol car should prove to be more affordable. DS still thinks – at least for the time being – that the two PureTech petrol engines will account for the lion’s share of DS 3 sales. The cheapest PureTech 100 comes with a manual gearbox but is only available in most…

Performance 0-62mph/top speed 6.9 seconds/100mph Practicality Boot (seats up) 441 litres Running costs 2.5mi/kWh (on test) £24 recharge/£0 or 2% tax MODEL TESTED: Subaru Solterra Dual Motor Touring PRICE: £52,995 POWERTRAIN: 2x e-motors, 75kWh battery, 215bhp FOR its first attempt at a pure EV, Subaru has kept things simple, with two trim levels and a handful of exterior colours being the full extent of the customisation on offer. In top-spec Touring trim, it costs £52,995, with metallic paint a £550 extra. Design & engineering DEVELOPING an EV from scratch is difficult, but with Subaru already enjoying a technical partnership with Toyota, it made sense for the company to fall back on the vast resources of one of the world’s largest car manufacturers to get a head-start in the sector. The…

Subaru Solterra Subaru Infotainment Key features: Subaru Care phone app THE Solterra is certainly packed with tech. From the seven-inch digital dials to the digital rear-view mirror, there’s no shortage of displays to look at. The central 12.3-inch screen is a definite highlight. It has clearly thought-out menus, it responds quickly to touches and loads routes quickly. The climate controls are part touch/part physical, and they’re reasonably easy to get along with, certainly better than the Skoda’s set-up. All versions of the Solterra come with wireless Apple CarPlay. However, only the top-spec Touring version gets wireless charging, while Android Auto needs a cable regardless of trim. Subaru’s Care App allows owners to control a variety of car functions from their smartphone. These include the ability to remotely pre-heat the car before…

SAVE 43% ON THE SHOP PRICE After your initial 6 issue trial, your subscription will continue at £28.99 every 13 issues representing a saving of 43% on the shop price. FREE DELIVERY Never miss an issue with every copy delivered straight to your doorstep. FULLY FLEXIBLE You are able to cancel at any time using a dedicated customer portal or by getting in touch. YOUR FREE GIFT Money is tight, make your screenwash go further with a free gift of CarPlan Demon Shot Screenwash Booster. Demon Shot is a new, innovative screenwash booster from CarPlan. Demon Shot can either be diluted with water or used neat to boost your existing screenwash temperature, meaning it is ideal for emergency or routine top ups. One bottle of Demon Shot makes up to…

The Legend of American Motors Marc Cranswick (Veloce Publishing, veloce.co.uk) Price: £60 Rating: THIS book gives a detailed history of the AMC firm from its inception, with contemporary road tests and ads a highlight. Production values don’t feel high enough for the price, though; the pictures are small and it’s not pretty enough to be a coffee-table tome. Formula One: The Rivals Tony Dodgins (Motorbooks, quartoknows.co.uk) Price: £35 Rating: FORMULA One racing has spawned some bitter and exciting rivalries over this years and they’re the focus of this book. Whichever era of F1 you grew up with, there’ll be something you remember here, and this makes for a hugely interesting read. Renegade Racing Available for: iOS, Android Price: Free Rating: THIS game offers good side-scrolling racing action, with cute, chunky graphics and…

IN 2022 the Ateca retained its excellent place in the top 10 of our Driver Power survey from 2021, with value being cited as a major reason for purchase by owners. As you’d hope from such a strong performer, there are few aspects of owning the SEAT SUV which really seem to disappoint, although there are some surprising contrasts. For example, the steering responsiveness takes second place overall and roadholding is sixth. But average engine performance and poor ride quality are a relative letdown, say owners, giving the SEAT a low 47th place for driving pleasure. Although luggage space is rated as above average, drivers would also like more flexibility in the seating. WE SAID “The Ateca has been a hit for SEAT, and it’s easy to see why. When…

WE face at least three wallet-busting, liberty-taking, potentially life-changing headaches during the ‘Tumultuous Twenties’ we’re currently living through. At one end of the scale are painful, above-inflation price hikes, then at the other, it’s our politicians still insisting that new petrol and diesel cars will be banned 83 months from now. And squeezed between those two major difficulties is Labour’s most powerful local politician, London Mayor Sadiq Khan, and his almost single-handed mission to make 29 August 2023 famous for all the wrong reasons. This is the date when he and a minority of others want the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) to spread, swarming and spewing from London to several disinterested neighbouring counties. I make no apologies for returning to this subject, because it represents the worst, greediest, most…