Linux Formatの September 2020 の目次

Jonni Bidwell That feeling that you saw something in a tweet half an hour ago, but after scrolling through your and other people’s timelines it’s nowhere to be found. Both witty tweet and precious hours are lost, and all you’ve got to show for it is some poor-to-average memes and a healthy dose of Twitter rancour. Also, one day I smashed two phones. Nick Peers Back in 1999 I managed to wipe the Master Boot Record on a friend’s hard drive that contained hundreds of text files – all irreplaceable. Luckily, I found a data-recovery tool and spent most of that Christmas holiday recovering each file to a floppy disk, one at a time. Les Pounder I had a 2TB drive die, no warning. There were no backups. I bought…

“You may think of MongoDB as a wolf hiding in an open source sheepskin jacket, but there’s no denying the NoSQL database’s popularity. So when a new beta appears it can’t be ignored. If you’re a DBA you’ll love it: this is the maintenance release you’ve been waiting for since v3.4. One prime example of the available fixes is the ability to perform resumable initial syncs. Before MongoDB 4.4, replacing a server that was chugging under a high load could mean potential failures. This was usually because the primary would take too long to serve the data to the new node while it was initial syncing. Another helpful fix involves risky maintenance operations with Oplog during increased write loads. MongoDB uses Oplog to record all operations that modify data on…

“Linux turned 29 shortly after we went to press. The world has changed considerably in the intervening years. Back in 1991 it may have been hard to imagine that the world’s top 500 supercomputers would all be Linux based by 2020 (a record captured several years ago). And it wasn’t all that long ago that the idea of running serious commercial workloads on Linux was shunned by self-respecting sysadmins and corporate execs alike. Readers are perhaps familiar with the humble beginnings of Linux. If not, I encourage you to consult the Wikipedia page for a handy link to the original Usenet discussion that kicked it all off. At the time, microkernels were all the rage in academia, with Andrew Tanenbaum’s Minix being the up-and-comer. By contrast, Linux followed a traditional…

Q Second disk encryption I have two SSDs in my machine running LXLE (Ubuntu 18.04). One is a boot/home drive that was encrypted at the time of install. I would now like to encrypt the second drive, which is used for data storage and VMs. I’m still a relative beginner and was wondering what’s the most user-friendly way to encrypt the second drive and access it easily to run my VMs? There seems to be many options, for example LUKS, GnuPG and VeraCrypt. Sandeep Bappoo A There are indeed many options, and we don’t know which has been used to encrypt your main drive. When encrypting a whole disk or partition, LUKS is the usual choice. It’s not suitable for a total novice to set up, but if you’re…

Kodachi offers a quick FAQ and instructions on how to use and install the distribution, along with some information on usage, but if you’re looking for more comprehensive documentation detailing all the software shipped with the distro or how to use it, you’ll be disappointed. Septor Linux fares only slightly better. Its Sourceforge-hosted website is home to a wiki that contains a few text-heavy articles describing some of the software you’ll find in the distro. Except for a quick write-up on Tor Birdy and Privoxy, there are no user guides, or forums or mailing lists where you can connect with fellow users and seek assistance. Tails offers in-depth end-user documentation in multiple languages with general information, first steps, commonly asked questions and more. You’ll find directions on installation, creating persistent…

There are two types of people in this world: those who back up their files and those who have never experienced data loss. In a world that’s becoming increasingly cloudy, backing up files might seem like an old-fashioned sort of a habit. Much like wearing a watch or writing cheques (…that your body can’t cash? – Ed). If your Android phone dies (and you opted in to connecting everything to your Google Account) then you can restore your contacts, messages and apps effortlessly on a new device. If you work in a corporate environment, then your IT team can (with a little more work) probably do a similar thing if your work machine dies. You might lose a few hours’ work (depending on when and where you last saved) or…

Hardcore Linux users are rightfully proud of the myriad configuration files they’ve painstakingly tweaked to suite their needs. These so-called dotfiles (because they are named .vimrc, .Xresources, .i3config etc) live in your home directory, most prevalently in the FDO-mandated location $HOME/.config, and store settings for just about every application you use. Search Github for dotfiles, and you’ll see some power users devote an entire repo to their most prized specimens. This not only enables (in the spirit of free software) others to borrow or adapt these files (so that their Vim and Zsh can look cool as well), but also serves as a rudimentary back-up facility. Even if you’ve never hand-edited a dotfile they can still be handy thing to back up, otherwise you’ll have to redo any application-level changes…

We get the feeling that large sections of the population still see the Raspberry Pi as nothing more than a curio. For those people whose understanding of tech begins and ends with their smartphone that’s understandable, but for years ISP Mythic Beasts (www.mythic-beasts.com) has been offering commercial web hosting and other online services, all run on clusters of Pis. You might remember that the company bet Eben Upton a beer that it could run the Raspberry Pi website on the day the Pi 4 launched from a cluster of Pi 4s, which had to service tens of millions of visitors in a day. Mythic Beasts already had experience running websites from Pi 3s, but had to retool Puppet for the updated version of Debian. It then moved a cluster of…

OUR EXPERT Les Pounder is associate editor at Tom’s Hardware and a freelance creative technologist. He blogs about his discoveries at bigl.es YOU NEED Any model Pi 40 GPIO) Raspberry Pi OS Project 1: Crocodile clip Metallic object or conductive object USB webcam Project 2: Two analog joysticks Two DC motors Ten female-to-male jumper wires For this month’s tutorial we go back to a board which is now five-years old, but still has plenty of life left in it. The Explorer HAT Pro is an electronics experiment powerhouse that comes with connections for touch inputs, dual motor drivers and analog inputs for analog electronics such as potentiometers. There are also protected inputs and outputs that are 5V Arduino compatible. Oh, and there are some LEDs and breadboard fitted on top…

There’s an awful lot of customisation that these tools deserve and not a lot of space to talk about it. For example, if you don’t like i3’s default font (or if, as was the case for us, it doesn’t render properly) you can install the Dejavu fonts with # pacman -S ttf-dejavu and uncommenting the font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono 8 line, and commenting the previous (and slightly amorphous) monospace font declaration, in ~/.config/i3/config. Check the documentation for any other changes you might like to make here. Urxvt is configured by the ~/.Xresources file. To change it to a hacker-style dark background and have a right-handed, simple scrollbar, use the directives: Urxvt.background: black Urxvt.foreground: white Urxvt.scrollstyle: plain Urxvt.scrollBar_right: true To re-read this file without having to log back in, you can…

These days, databases are more routinely associated with powering websites and ecommerce systems. To the casual user they look impenetrable, involving connecting to third-party database servers such as SQL and hiding behind opaque languages like PHP. But at their heart, databases are simple tables of information: each row represents a single record, and its specific characteristics – such as name, colour, or whether it’s currently in your possession or not – are recorded in columns known as fields. If your needs are modest, then you don’t need to learn any programming languages or tackle complex database software to put together a collection of information you can later search in various ways to find what you need from it. Indeed, many people build such simple databases using spreadsheet software, but even…

PIANO TRAINER Symphonium Version: 0.1 Web: https://github.com/ttdm/symphonium Most sound recording software include a digital piano keyboard, designed to work as a virtual MIDI device. If you haven’t tried one, there are numerous YouTube lessons available that will show you how to play popular tunes, by pressing the right keys in the right order, for the correct amount of time. These usually take the form of a standard piano keyboard located along the bottom of the screen, with the area above it featuring falling elements that represent the keys a user needs to press. This beginner-friendly way of learning is available as an open source application. Symphonium is a piano trainer that plays MIDI files. It has a clear graphical interface and is ideal for learning. The program is in an…

The BASIC language has been with us since 1964 and it was developed as a high-level (easy to read) language by John G Kemeny, chairman of the Dartmouth College Math Department. The name BASIC came from Thomas Kurtz. The structure of BASIC is meant to be oversimplified on purpose. Each line of BASIC is read by the compiler and turned into byte code that the machine can then run. BASIC can be compiled or interpreted, depending on the version which you are using. On the Commodore 64 we see Commodore 64 BASIC V2, a version of Microsoft BASIC, which has a limited number of keywords, but other versions of BASIC exist for the C64 and the most popular alternative choice was Simons’ BASIC, which was written in 1983 by David…

If Godot displays “Attempt to call function ‘play’ in base ‘null instance’ on a null instance” then this is a syntax error. It means there’s probably a typing mistake in the name of one of the nodes. Godot is case-sensitive. During collision detection, errors can occur because of the timing of events. Using set_deferred() reminds Godot to wait until it’s safe to disable the appropriate sprite. To ensure the Player and Mob sprites can’t be accidentally moved or resized while we’re working in Godot, set “Make sure the object’s children are not selectable” in node settings to lock them in place.…

No one needs to back up any more. Yes, after decades of tech “journalists” telling you to back up your systems, modern ways of working have made the backup obsolete. No, wait, don’t go! We’re not obsolete, just yet. It’s true enough that many of us are working in “the cloud” and have work assets and media automagically backed up with some unknown level of redundancy. Yet how can you do that yourself? How can you protect your system? How can you make backups of everything run like clockwork, while making any data recovery just as slick? We’re here to show you how. From traditional backups, to cloud backups and on to automatic snapshots, we’ll cover a solution that will meet your needs. While it’s good to back up, it’s…

Linus Torvalds announced the release of Linux 5.8, which has among its many headline features support for Branch Target Identification (BTI) and Shadow Call Stacks on Arm64. This will improve the security of many platforms, but especially future Android devices, including the prevention of control flow hijacking attacks using buffer overruns on the kernel stack. Linux 5.8 also includes an optimisation that should improve behaviour in memory “thrashing” situations, particularly when using contemporary in-memory swap devices. While Linus had considered a 5.8-rc8, in the end he decided things were stable enough for the final release on schedule. And with the release of 5.8 comes the opening of the merge window (when disruptive changes are allowed) for what will become Linux 5.9. More on those upcoming features in next month’s edition.…

Running terminal commands on a different computer is easy, just SSH to the other computer and it’s like you were there. You can also do the same with full desktops with VNC or RDP, but isn’t that overkill for just one program? The X graphical interface is a client/ server system, so it is possible to run a program on one computer and open its window on another’s desktop. This can be done using the SSH connection that you have already set up. You need this facility enabled on the remote computer. In /etc/ssh/sshd_config, ensure that X11Forwarding is set to yes. Restart sshd if you changed this setting, then on the local computer connect over SSH as usual, but add the -Y option: $ ssh -Y user@remotecomputer Now try running…

One unexpected outcome of the Covid-19 outbreak is that it’s managed to convince even the most technologically averse people to connect online for a variety of tasks. Everything from initiating funds transfer and filing of taxes, can be done online. Regardless of your fluency with the internet, it’s only natural to wonder if your online activities are safe from prying eyes. The distributions featured in this Roundup enable you to defend your privacy and prevent any inadvertent leaks of sensitive data. The distros take different approaches and come with their own traits and benefits. Some rely on routing your web traffic via well-known anonymising networks such as Tor, while others use novel approaches such as security by compartmentalisation. Because anonymity and security tend to go hand in hand, using these…

Most of the distributions featured in this Roundup recommend that users not install the distribution to disk for maximum protection against potential risks. While you can try and use all of them using virtualisation software such as Oracle Virtual Box, some distros also recommend against this practice. The exception is Whonix. The quickest way to deploy the distribution is to download the virtual machines. You’re expected to then boot into these machines, which function as any other installed distribution. TENS is also peculiar in its approach in that it doesn’t support installation to disk, or USB stick for that matter. Instead, it expects users to run its live environment. You also can’t anchor Tails to the hard disk on your machine. The installer utility only permits you to install it…

Simon McVittie is a Debian developer and a consultant for Cambridge/Canada-based open source-erers Collabora. Last year he was awarded a UK Open Source Award for outstanding contributions to FOSS. Simon’s in charge of D-Bus which is, among other things, how all the different bits of your desktop talk to one another. He’s also been working with Valve Software on an exciting project named Pressure Vessel that aims to have Steam leverage the magic of containers, to make for a smoother cross-distro experience. And to alleviate the Steam runtime’s current dependency on libraries from eight years ago. Locked-down Jonni Bidwell took a break from the endless trips between the computer and the snack cupboard (that for nearly four months have been his life), to talk to Simon about interprocess communication mechanisms,…

Hi there, my name’s Cerys and I run Stafford Raspberry Jam. It’s a community-led event that enables people of all ages to meet, make and create with the Raspberry Pi. This helps to put computing into the hands of people and makes it possible for them to create amazing things with the help of the community. Usually, we meet once a month. Unfortunately, due to COVID-19, and like many other meet-ups, we’ve had to stop meeting regularly at Stafford Library. This has meant that we’ve had to find different ways to communicate with one another. Some meet-ups have opted to go virtual with software such as Zoom or Microsoft Teams, but I didn’t feel like everyone would want to log on at one specific time – it could be the…

During the pandemic, one name has been on the lips of the world and headlines of technology sites, Zoom. But there are alternatives and one which we have been personally using for some time is called Jitsi Meet (https://meet.jit.si), a fully open source project. Using Jitsi Meet is simple: we go to that link, create a new meeting and it gives us a URL that can be shared with our friends. That is all we need, no installation and no accounts. This URL was used in Project 1 to start a video call on our Raspberry Pi. This is all handled via a WebRTC JavaScript application that provides HD video calls for free! If you have an Android or iOS device then you will find official applications in your app…

OUR EXPERT Shashank Sharma is a trial lawyer in Delhi. He collects geeky memorabilia, but wonders if sanitisers would qualify. The Occam’s Razor principle is often paraphrased as ‘the simplest answer is often correct’. Although this has long been thought as something that applies to science, this principle can also be used to determine the best software solution to a given problem. This is why tools like Cron and At remain so popular for automating recurring tasks. Cron is used for tasks you wish to perform repeatedly, such as installing updates, or performing backups. The At utility, on the other hand, can be used to run tasks only once, at the specified time. But that’s something that would only appeal to system administrators, we can hear some of you earnest…

There are two ways to protect your Symphytum databases: through manual backups stored elsewhere on your computer (or over the network), or via the Cloud synchronization button. Choose File> Backups to make (and later restore) a manual backup – just follow the wizard. Your databases and any file or image attachments will be bundled up into a single file with a .syb extension. If you want either a real-time backup or the ability to work on your database across multiple machines or collaborate with others (Symphytum supports Windows and macOS as well as Linux), then a better option is to use your cloud provider to keep files in sync. Rather than move your database folder to a folder you’re already syncing to the cloud, click Symphytum’s Cloud synchronization button. For…

The (fictional) Brixton Youth Sports Association (BYSA) needs a place to store instructional videos, game footage, schedules and all the other things to celebrate and educate players, coaches and parents in the sports they organise. They could use YouTube or any other commercial video site, but it’s better to have something a bit more private, no? Enter MediaGoblin, a Python-based tool enabling folks to share all kinds of media with just the people they want to share with, no corporate servers required. MediaGoblin uses the ActivityPub web standard (see box, bottom right) to permit sharing. Enjoying MediaGoblin MediaGoblin doesn’t yet offer the prettiest site on the internet (if you’re so inclined, you can create your own theme), but it works pretty well. Users start by setting up a simple profile…

The Personal Computer with Professional Power was how the Commodore 64 was introduced back in 1982 and that power lasted for 12 years until the C64 was discontinued in 1994. But the Commodore 64 has a legacy that now spans decades. Music, art, games and even robotics were made possible by a home computer with less power than your grandad’s phone. Inside the C64 was a MOS-branded 6510 CPU running at 0.985MHz (PAL) and 1.023MHz (NTSC) along with 64KB RAM, of which 38KB was available to the user. So much was accomplished with this machine, despite now looking rather underpowered. In the 1980s the diverse range of home computers saw groups of like-minded individuals forming clubs and user groups to support their users. Does this sound familiar to you? The…

If we mention GPIO then our natural response is “Raspberry Pi” but the Commodore 64 also has a GPIO and it’s called the User Port. Located on the rear of the machine. The user port provides eight general and output pins and these can be controlled using BASIC commands. By “poking” (inserting a value into a specific memory address) we can insert instructions which will turn the “pins” of the user port into inputs/outputs and set their default value. To use the user port in this way you’ll need a breakout board because there are exposed pins on the board that, if used incorrectly, can damage your Commodore 64. You can make your own breakout board with a connector or you can buy a ready-made board from one of the…

Each issue we’re building a retro video game. In this series of programming games with Python, so far we’ve created a lunar space module, a side scrolling platformer, a 2D graphical insect/animal game, Pac-Man and Pong. Take a look at the Linux Format back catalogue to have a go at creating any of these vintage game formats (more details on page 69). This issue we’re going to be creating life itself. A simulation of life, that is. Game of Life, sometimes known as just Life, is a unique game in that it doesn’t have any interactive properties, per se. The game is set up or configured and then left to run, simulating the creation of life exponentially. Bear with us on this one… John Horton Conway, a British mathematician, invented…

Linux on Windows We take a dive into the Windows Subsystem for Linux 2.0, see what it can do and discover how far you can push it. Recreate Doctor Who! Fire up your open source synth and recreate the analogue sounds of the long-running TV series for fun and games. Maths is fun! Open source is blessed with an abundance of lab-ready mathematical applications – we test drive the best. Gaming on the Pi Tired of building robots? Then why not install some classic games and use the Raspberry Pi for gaming fun! Contents of future issues subject to change. *Jonni not included: we need him to drink wine and know things.…

“A key improvement that PipeWire brings over PulseAudio is that the policy is separate from the media handling. The policy is the code that decides which audio device to use, which software has access to them and how it’s all connected. In PipeWire, the policy engine is called a session manager. WirePlumber is the modular and extensible session manager that brings configurability and an abstraction layer to make it easier to create these policies. Released late June, WirePlumber 0.3.0 brings support for desktop use cases. It introduces the use of session, endpoint and endpoint-stream abstractions to orchestrate the PipeWire media graph. My blog post on collabora.com is a good starting point to read about endpoints. Also noteworthy in this release is the ability to arbitrate the capture of audio devices…

“We’ve just had an email from a client who wants a new, high-performance storage array to be shared between two nodes of a Linux cluster. As always, there are things that they want, such as a given storage capacity, and there are things that they need. That latter list includes data integrity in the case of failover between the two nodes, data backups, resilience to hardware failure and more. They’ve also specified an SSD caching layer. Is that a “want” or a “need”? I suspect neither. It would significantly increase the cost without appreciably affecting performance – a combination that’s unlikely to appeal. It’s difficult when your users/clients/boss tells you what they want and how they want you to achieve it. Do you risk alienating them by telling them, essentially,…

Steven Price (Arm) posted a patch enabling MTE (memory tagging extension) for KVM guests. This means Linux will able to support running virtual machines in which the kernel (and guest userspace) tags memory addresses in such a manner as to prevent malicious code from performing the same access. The end goal is to better thwart attackers who seek to exploit software bugs. Sumeet Pawnikar (Intel) posted a patch titled Add Power Limit4 support, that exposes userspace controls over the PL4 (Power Limit4) on Intel mobile platforms. This is also known as the SoC package level maximum power, and modifying it (where safe to do so) would seem to enable a user to increase maximum sustained performance through the commands in powercap-utils. Christoph Hellwig recently became annoyed enough at the ongoing…

We’d love to try and answer any questions you send to lxf.answers@futurenet.com, no matter what the level. We’ve all been stuck before, so don’t be shy. However, we’re only human and so it’s important that you include as much information as you can. If something works on one Linux distribution but not another, then tell us. If you get an error message, please tell us the exact message and precisely what you did to invoke it in the first place. If you have, or suspect, a hardware problem, let us know about the hardware. Consider installing hardinfo or lshw. These programs list the hardware on your machine, so send us their output. If you’re unwilling, or unable, to install these, run the following commands in a root terminal and send…

Specialist distributions such as the ones featured in this Roundup can’t be tested with the same metric that we would use for desktop distributions. While ease of use is still important, we’re far more interested in what each has to offer, and whether the distros will help you browse the internet, exchange emails, and otherwise interact online without fear of compromising your identity. To that end, we’ll test the five distributions on the protection mechanism they use to mask your online footprint. A key use for such distros is when working with unfamiliar environments, such as hotels and cafés, so deployment is also important. These distros all use a variety of tools and technologies to keep you anonymous, so proper documentation is also expected from each. Just as important is…

One distribution that we were eager to feature in this month’s Roundup but ultimately decided against doing so is Mofo Linux. Based on Ubuntu, the Mate-powered distro is chock-full of applications, and could give Kodachi a run for its money. In addition to Tor, Mofo Linux also provides users with the option of using i2P and Freenet, It also offers tools such as Lantern proxy and more out of the box. Unfortunately, the distro hasn’t seen a new release since February 2019, with no news on upcoming releases. This lack of development held it back from featuring on our test machines. Discreete Linux is another option that didn’t make the cut for the same reason. It started as Ubuntu Privacy Remix way back in 2007, but hasn’t seen a new…

Off-site backups are an excellent idea, since they mitigate not only against hardware failure, but also against combustion and burglarisation. A10-drive raid array with triple redundancy will be duly decommissioned by fire or flood, or will be an attractive target for a thief with a penchant for storage. Unfortunately, the cost of cloud storage (or renting/running your own off-site storage) as well as physical bandwidth means you probably don’t want to store everything remotely. Putting a monthly cost on your data is tricky. The likes of Google and Dropbox have free storage tiers, but you may not wish to support them. There are other offerings: Box (https://box.com) gives you 10GB for free (or unlimited for £12/ month), but finding a solution that will integrate with your Linux desktop isn’t straightforward.…

LXF: What have you been playing lately? Simon McVittie: My recent gaming has been replaying Saints Row 3, which is native Linux, yay! And also trying to get back into Shadow Tactics, which is also native Linux. It’s really good – I recommend it if you’re at all a fan of the stealthy sneaking assassinating genre. I’ve just got to the last level, which is ridiculously hard it appears. I now see why I bounced off it a few months ago. I’ve heard great things about Desperados 3, which is by the same people (Mimimi Productions) and is very much a spiritual successor— Shadow Tactics itself was inspired by the original Desperados games by Spellbound Entertainment. And Mimimi have been an excellent steward of that. Oh and there’s the itch.io…

The at utility can be used to schedule tasks that need to be run just once. Scheduling jobs with at is easy because it accepts a variety of time formats. You can use keywords such as ‘now + 1 hour’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘oct 30’, ‘2pm tomorrow’, and ‘noon +3 days’ to define the execution time for jobs. When you run the at <time> command containing the date, you’ll be dropped to the at prompt. Here you can enter the command or commands you wish to run. If you want to run multiple commands, press Enter after typing each. Press Ctrl+D when you’re done. You’ll be informed that a job has been created to executed the entered commands, and at also confirms the time when said job would be executed: ~> at…

As of now, Symphytum only handles simple, so-called flat databases. Relational databases are separate databases that share a common field – known as a key value – that links them together. Taking our film and TV database as an example, if Symphytum supported relational databases, then we could use it to set up one database to store details of the movie itself, before linking it to another database that handles which streaming services the content is currently showing on. If you find yourself outgrowing Symphytum, then one obvious step up is LibreOffice Base. It’s quite a jump, however, which is why you might want to take a look at Kexi (www.kexi-project.org) instead. It’s available through the Ubuntu Software store or as a Flatpak. Once installed, create a new, blank database…

The ActivityPub web standard came about because some developers got sick of social activity moving to walled gardens like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. Communication and collaboration was built into the World Wide Web at its birth! Supporters of ActivityPub describe the standard as “provid(ing) a client to server API for creating, updating and deleting content, as well as a federated server to server API for delivering notifications and subscribing to content.” Today ActivityPub powers the Social Web, sometimes called the Fediverse for the federated connections between independent websites. Developers are using the standard to power a variety of alternatives for organizing events, sharing music, and just hanging out. These include Mastodon (microblogging), PeerTube (video sharing), and Discourse (discussion boards). Learn more about ActivityPub at www.activitypub.rocks.…

All of the code in this tutorial can be downloaded from our GitHub repository https://github. com/lesp/LXF267-C 64-BASIC/archive/master.zip. To see all of the code in a project we need to use LIST. This will print the code line by line. We can also specify a line number to start at, for example, LIST 100 and it can be used to list the contents of a floppy disk. The floppy image created in this article can be used with any emulators which run .d64 image files. If you have a real Commodore 64 and an SD2IEC floppy drive emulator, that image can also be run on a real machine!…

Godot is an open source video game development engine. In last issue we looked at the engine platform and produced our first application: a 2D interface that displayed Hello World. This issue we’re going to use Godot to develop our first video game. We’re going to start off with a dodge ‘em game, reminiscent of Asteroids, with enemies swarming a two-dimensional environment and the player having to avoid them. However, we won’t have a weapon to begin with, so to score any points we’ll have to survive for the longest amount of time possible, without colliding with any enemies. Two-dimensional games are simpler to create, so we’ll start there, before jumping in to a three-dimensional environment. Let’s begin with a brand new project in Godot. Assuming that you followed along…